Tween

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, scientific name of Tween, is amber viscous liquid to yellow waxy substance, divided into food grade, medical grade and industrial grade, suitable for pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetics industry, etc.

Tween (also known as ethoxylated sorbitol ester) is formed by the condensation of residual hydroxyl groups in the Span molecule with ethylene oxide. In the process of polyoxyethylene, a transesterification reaction occurs, and the ester group previously directly attached to sorbitan can be rearranged to the hydroxyl end of the oxyethylene chain. They are suitable as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifiers, solvents, dispersants, stabilizers, antistatic agents, lubricants and cleaners.

Tween (or polysorbate) is a non-ionic surfactant with odor, warm and slightly bitter, a series of partial fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan. Widely used as emulsifier and solubilizer for oily substances. Polysorbate is generally considered a non-toxic, non-irritating material. Because there are more hydrophilic groups—polyoxyethylene groups in the polysorbate molecule, it has strong hydrophilicity and is a kind of non-ionic surfactant.

 

Sort

Since Tween is an ester formed by sorbitol and different higher fatty acids, Tween is actually a series of products of the same type. It is divided into 20, 40, 60, and 80 kinds in general fine chemical shops or chemical reagent companies. need to choose.

Tween 20 (TWEEN-20), Tween 21 (TWEEN-21), Tween 40 (TWEEN-40), Tween 60 (TWEEN-60), Tween 61 (TWEEN-61), Tween 80 (TWEEN -80), Tween 81 (TWEEN-81), Tween 85 (TWEEN-85);

Tween-60 is stearate; Tween-80 is oleate; Tween-20 is laurate, which is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate and part of polyoxyethylene disorbide Mixture of monolaurin

 

use

1. To emulsify protein in biological experiments, when used, Tween and the same type of Triton X-100 (polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether) non-ionic detergent do not destroy the structure of the protein, and can reduce the impact on the protein. destruction of the original interaction. Ionic detergents such as SDS disrupt the structure of proteins.
2. As a blocking agent in biological experiments, the blocking agent should block all unbound sites without replacing the target protein on the membrane, without binding to the target protein site, and without cross-reacting with antibodies or detection reagents. Tween-20 has the function of renaturing antigen, which can improve the specific recognition ability. When doing western blots, blocking unbound sites on the membrane with an inert protein or non-ionic detergent can reduce nonspecific binding of the antibody. The most common blocking agents are BSA, nonfat dry milk, casein, gelatin, and dilute solutions of Tween-20 (0.05 – 0.1%).
3. Often used as an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifier to make other substances evenly dispersed in the solution, mainly used in pesticides, food and cosmetics. Combined with other emulsifiers such as sodium lauryl sulfate or Span, it can increase the stability of the emulsion. Tween can be used to emulsify essential oils and dissolve them in aqueous liquids for full effect. Relatively speaking, Tween 20 is milder, and Tween 80 is more emulsifying.
4. Medicinal use: (1) It can be used as a solubilizer for certain drugs. (2) It has hemolytic effect, and Tween-80 has the weakest effect. (3) The aqueous solution can be turbid after heating, and clear after cooling, without affecting the quality. (4) Can interfere with the action of bacteriostatic agents in solution

Principle:

Since there are more hydrophilic groups – polyoxyethylene groups in the polysorbate molecule, it has strong hydrophilicity and is a non-ionic detergent.

 

Appearance and Properties:

Light yellow to amber oily liquid or paste, soluble in water, ethanol, grease, etc.

 

Types and performance specifications:

Specification	Exterior (25℃)	Hydroxyl value (mgKOH/g)	Saponification value (mgKOH/g)	Acid value (mgKOH/g)	Moisture (%)	HLB value	proportion
T-20	amber viscous liquid	90～110	40～50	≤2.0	≤3	16.5	1.08～1.13
T-40	yellowish waxy solid	85～100	40～55	≤2.0	≤3	15.5	1.05～1.10
T-60	yellowish waxy solid	80～105	40～55	≤2.0	≤3	14.5	1.05～1.10
T-80	Amber viscous oil	65～82	43～55	≤2.0	≤3	15	1.06～1.09

 

Performance and Specifications
T-20	1. It is easily soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and other solvents, insoluble in dynamic and mineral oil, and has the properties of emulsifying, diffusing, solubilizing, and stabilizing. 2. This product is harmless to the human body and has no irritation. It is mainly used in the production of cakes, ice cream, shortening, etc. in the food industry. 3. In other respects, it can be used as an emulsifier for mineral oil, a solvent for dyes, an emulsifier for cosmetics, a stabilizer for foamed plastics, an emulsifier, diffusing agent and stabilizer for pharmaceuticals, and an auxiliary for photo emulsions.
T-40	1. Easily soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and other solvents, insoluble in dynamic and mineral oil, used as o/w emulsifier, solubilizer, stabilizer, diffusing agent, antistatic agent, lubricant .
T-60	1. It is easily soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and other solvents, insoluble in dynamic and mineral oil, has excellent emulsifying properties, and has the functions of wetting, foaming, and diffusion. 2. Used as o/w type emulsifier, dispersant and stabilizer for the manufacture of food, medicine, cosmetics and water-based coatings. 3. It is used as softener and antistatic agent in the textile industry. It is a component of polyacrylonitrile spinning oil and a softener for post-processing of fibers. It can eliminate static electricity, improve its softness and give fibers good dyeing properties.
T-80	1. Easily soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, insoluble in mineral oil, used as emulsifier, dispersant, wetting agent, solubilizer, stabilizer, used in medicine, cosmetics, food and other industries. 2. It is used as stabilizer and auxiliary foaming agent in the production of polyurethane foam; it can be used as an antistatic agent in synthetic fibers, and it is an intermediate of chemical fiber oil; it is used as a wetting agent and dispersing agent in the production of film films from photosensitive materials In the process of fabric waterproofing, it is used to emulsify silicone oil, which has a good effect. It is also used in nylon and viscose cord as an oil agent and a water-soluble emulsifier, often mixed with S-80. 3. Used as oil field emulsifier, wax inhibitor, viscous oil wetting agent, drag reducing agent, treatment agent near wellbore; used as precision machine tool to modulate lubricating coolant, etc.

 

 

 

Function and use:

 

1. Emulsify protein in biological experiments. When used, Tween and the same type of Triton X-1OO (polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether) non-ionic detergent will not destroy the structure of the protein, and can reduce the impact on the protein. destruction of the original interaction. Ionic detergents such as SDS disrupt the structure of proteins.

 

2. As a blocking agent in biological experiments, the blocking agent should block all unbound sites without replacing the target protein on the membrane, not binding to the target protein, or cross-reacting with antibodies or detection reagents. Tween-20 has the function of renaturing antigen, which can improve the specific recognition ability. Blocking unbound sites on the membrane with an inert protein or non-ionic detergent during western blots can reduce nonspecific binding of the antibody. The most common blocking agents are BSA, nonfat dry milk, casein, gelatin, and dilute solutions of Tween-20 (0.05 – 0.1%).

 

3. Often used as an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifier to make other substances evenly dispersed in the solution, mainly used in pesticides, food and cosmetics. Combined with other emulsifiers such as sodium lauryl sulfate or Span, it can increase the stability of the emulsion. Tween can be used to emulsify essential oils and dissolve them in aqueous liquids for full effect. Relatively speaking, Tween 20 is milder, and Tween 80 is more emulsifying.

Sorbitan fatty acid ester (SPAN) is a non-ionic surfactant with fatty acid group as hydrophobic part and sorbitol as hydrophilic part.

level

Industrial and food grade products comply with national standards, pharmaceutical grade compliance USP24.

use

The plate is white or yellowish wax, flake, powder (≥100 mesh). Soluble in hot ethanol, ether, methanol and carbon tetrachloride, slightly soluble in ether, petroleum ether, can be dispersed in hot water, with strong emulsification, dispersion, lubrication, can be mixed with all kinds of surfactants. The emulsifier plate is mainly used as antistatic agent and soft oiling agent for acrylic fiber. It is used as emulsifier and stabilizer in food, medicine, pesticide, cosmetics, coating and plastic industry.

Specification	Appearance（25℃）	Hydroxyl value（mgKOH/g）	Saponification value（mgKOH/g）	Acid value（mgKOH/g）	moisture（%）	HLB	melting point（℃）
S-20	amber viscous liquid	330～360	160～175	≤8	≤1.5	8.6	liquid（25℃）
S-40	yellowish waxy solid	255～290	140～150	≤8	≤1.5	6.7	45～47
S-60	yellowish waxy solid	240～270	135～155	≤8	≤1.5	4.7	52～54
S-80	Amber viscous oil	190～220	140～160	≤10	≤1.5	4.3	liquid（25℃）
S-85	yellow oily liquid	60～80	165～185	≤15	≤1.5	1.8	liquid（25℃）

Specification	Performance and Specifications
S-20	1. Soluble in oil and organic solvent, disperse in water as a semi-emulsion liquid. 2. It can be used as W/O emulsifier, stabilizer, plasticizer, lubricant and desiccant in the production of medicine and cosmetics; as softener, antistatic agent and finishing agent in textile industry; also used as mechanical lubricant; As an additive anti-fogging agent, it has good initial and low-temperature anti-fogging properties, and is suitable for PVC (1-1.5%), polyolefin film (0.5-0.7%), and EVA film.
S-40	1. Soluble in oil and organic solvent, disperse in hot water. 2. It is used as emulsifier and dispersant in food and cosmetics industry; as emulsion stabilizer in emulsion polymerization; as dispersant in printing ink; also as textile waterproof coating additive, oil emulsification and dispersant; Fog drops, PVC agricultural film 1-1.7%, EVA 0.5-0.7%.
S-60	1. This product is insoluble in water and is dispersed in hot water. It is a good w/o emulsifier with strong emulsifying, dispersing and lubricating properties, and is also a good stabilizer and defoaming agent. 2. It is used as an emulsifier in the food industry, used in the production of beverages, toffee, ice cream, bread, cakes, malted milk, margarine, chocolate, etc.; in the textile industry as an antistatic agent for acrylic fibers, soft Component of oil agent; used as emulsifier and stabilizer in food, pesticide, medicine, cosmetics, paint, plastic industry; used as anti-fog and dripping agent for PVC, EVA, PE and other films, the dosage in PVC is 1.5～ 1.8%, the dosage in EVA is 0.7-1%.
S-80	1. Insoluble in water, soluble in hot oil and organic solvents, it is a high-grade lipophilic emulsifier. 2. Used as emulsifier in oil drilling aggravating mud; used as emulsifier in food and cosmetic production; used as dispersant in paint and coating industry; used as stabilizer in titanium dioxide production; used as pesticide, wetting agent, Emulsifier; used as co-solvent in petroleum products; also used as anti-rust agent for anti-rust oil. Lubricant and softener for textiles and leather. 3. As a film anti-fogging agent, it has good initial and low-temperature anti-fogging properties. The dosage in PVC is 1~1.5%, and the dosage in polyolefin is 0.5~0.7%.
S-85	1. Slightly soluble in isopropanol, tetrachloroethylene, cottonseed oil, etc. 2. Mainly used in medicine, cosmetics, textile, paint and petroleum industries, etc., as emulsifier, thickener, rust inhibitor, etc.

Prospects for development

More than 30,000 tons of food emulsifiers have been approved for use in China, and the world’s consumption of food emulsifiers has exceeded 400,000 tons. The varieties and dosage of food emulsifier products in China are far less than those in foreign countries. Developing new varieties of emulsifiers with various functions and enriching the intrinsic functions of Chinese food emulsifiers should become the idea of the industry in developing new products.

Span:

Sorbitan esters (also known as sorbitan fatty acid esters) are nonionic surfactants that can be mixed with polysorbates in varying proportions to produce lotions or creams with a variety of textures and consistency. They are suitable as water-in-oil (W/O) emulsifiers that are soluble in hot oil and many organic solvents but insoluble in water. In addition, they are non-toxic, tasteless, easily biodegradable, and can be used in food, medicine, cosmetics, textile industry, etc.

The colors of the Span are amber viscous liquid, slightly yellow waxy solid, amber viscous oily substance and yellow oily liquid. Due to different states, the packaging of Span is also different. Span S-20, Span S -80, Span S-85 is packed in 50Kg plastic drum; Span S-40, Span S-60 are packed in 20Kg woven bag.

Spans in different states are named differently. Jihua.com Span series includes Span 20 Span 40 Span 60 Span 80 and Span 85. The numbers behind Span represent different fatty acids, such as Span-20. (SP-20) represents monolaurate; Span-40 (SP-40) represents monopalmitic acid (palmitic acid) ester; Span-60 (SP-60) is monostearate; Span- 80 (SP-80) is monooleate.

Span has different specifications and can be divided into industrial grade, food grade and pharmaceutical grade. The main difference between these three classification systems is that the former focuses on content, while the latter focuses on “quality” (whether it is harmful to the human body or the environment). Generally speaking, the price of industrial grade is the cheapest, followed by food grade, and pharmaceutical grade is the most expensive. It can be said that pharmaceutical grade can be used instead of food grade, and food grade can be used instead of industrial grade.

Specifications and uses

Specifications	Exterior (25℃)	Hydroxyl value（mgKOH/g）	Saponification value（mgKOH/g）	Acid value（mgKOH/g）	moisture（%）	HLB value	melting point（℃）
S-20	amber viscous liquid	330～360	160～175	≤8	≤1.5	8.6	liquid（25℃）
S-40	yellowish waxy solid	255～290	140～150	≤8	≤1.5	6.7	45～47
S-60	yellowish waxy solid	240～270	135～155	≤8	≤1.5	4.7	52～54
S-80	Amber viscous oil	190～220	140～160	≤10	≤1.5	4.3	oil（25℃）
S-85	yellow oily liquid	60～80	165～185	≤15	≤1.5	1.8	liquid（25℃）

【Performance and application】

Specifications	Performance and Specifications
S-20	1、Soluble in oil and organic solvents, disperse in water as a semi-emulsion liquid. 2. Used as W/O emulsifier, stabilizer, plasticizer, lubricant and desiccant in the production of medicine and cosmetics; In the textile industry, it is used as a softener, antistatic agent, and finishing agent; also used as a mechanical lubricant; as an additive anti-fogging agent, it has good initial and low-temperature anti-fogging properties, suitable for PVC (1-1.5%), polymer Olefin film (0.5~0.7%), EVA film. 3. Used as mechanical lubricant, emulsifier in petroleum and paint industry.
S-40	1. Soluble in oil and organic solvent, disperse in hot water. 2. It is used as emulsifier and dispersant in food and cosmetic industries; as emulsion stabilizer in emulsion polymerization; as dispersant in printing ink; it can also be used as textile waterproof coating additive, oil emulsification and dispersant; Fog drops, PVC agricultural film 1-1.7%, EVA 0.5-0.7%.
S-60	1. This product is insoluble in water and is dispersed in hot water. It is a good w/o emulsifier with strong emulsifying, dispersing and lubricating properties, and is also a good stabilizer and defoaming agent. 2. It is used as an emulsifier in the food industry, used in the production of beverages, toffee, ice cream, bread, cakes, malted milk, margarine, chocolate, etc.; in the textile industry as an antistatic agent for acrylic fibers, soft Component of oil agent; used as emulsifier and stabilizer in food, pesticide, medicine, cosmetics, paint, plastic industry; used as anti-fog and dripping agent for PVC, EVA, PE and other films, the dosage in PVC is 1.5～ 1.8%, the dosage in EVA is 0.7-1%.
S-80	1. Insoluble in water, soluble in hot oil and organic solvents, it is a high-grade lipophilic emulsifier. 2. It is used for W/O type nylon and viscose cord oil, which has a good smoothing effect on fibers. It is used for emulsification of machinery, coatings, chemicals, etc. Used as emulsifier in oil drilling weighted mud; used as emulsifier in food and cosmetic production; used as dispersant in paint and coating industry; used as stabilizer in titanium dioxide production; used as pesticide, wetting agent and emulsifier in agricultural production ; Used as co-solvent in petroleum products; can also be used as anti-rust agent for anti-rust oil. Lubricant and softener for textiles and leather. 3. As a film anti-fogging agent, it has good initial and low-temperature anti-fogging properties. The dosage in PVC is 1~1.5%, and the dosage in polyolefin is 0.5~0.7%.
S-85	1. Slightly soluble in isopropyl alcohol, cottonseed oil, etc. 2. Mainly used in medicine, cosmetics, textile, paint and petroleum industries, etc., as emulsifier, thickener, rust inhibitor, etc.

The purpose and function of Span:

S-20 is used as W/O emulsifier, stabilizer and lubricating, plasticizing and drying agent in the production of medicine and cosmetics, as softening, antistatic and finishing auxiliary in textile industry, emulsifier in petroleum and coating industry, and mechanical lubrication agent, etc.

S-40 is used as an emulsifier and dispersant in the food and cosmetic industries, as a dispersant in printing ink and oil emulsification, as an additive for textile waterproof coatings and as a polymer anti-fogging agent.

S-60 is used in the production of W/O type cosmetics, used as emulsifier, and can also be used as food emulsifier. It is also used as an emulsifier in the production of medicine, plastic and artificial leather, as an antistatic agent in the textile industry, and as a softening and oiling agent.

S-80 is used in medicine, cosmetics, textile, paint, emulsion explosives, petroleum and other industries. It is used as emulsifier in water/oil emulsion explosives and textile oil, as dispersant in paint industry, as cosolvent and rust inhibitor in petroleum products, and in the manufacture of metal processing cutting emulsified oil, etc.

An overview of the photoinitiators

In the light curing system, including UV glue, UV coating, UV ink, etc., accept or absorb the outside energy after chemical changes, decomposition into free radicals or cations, thereby causing polymerization reaction.

Photoinitiator refers to any substance that can produce free radicals and further cause polymerization by light.

After some monomers are illuminated, they absorb photons to form an excited state M* :

M+hv→M*;The excited active molecules generate free radicals through homolysis: M*→R·+R ‘·, which leads to monomer polymerization and polymer formation.

The principle of photoinitiators

The initiator molecule has a certain absorbance ability in the ultraviolet region (250~400 nm) or visible region (400~800 nm). After absorbing light energy directly or indirectly, the initiator molecule transitions from the ground state to the excited singlet state and through the system to the excited three-line state.

After the singlet or triplet state is excited to undergo monomolecular or bimolecular chemical action, the active fragments that can trigger monomer polymerization are generated, which can be free radicals, cations, anions, etc.According to different initiation mechanism, photoinitiators can be divided into free radical polymerization photoinitiators and cationic photoinitiators, among which free radical polymerization photoinitiators are the most widely used.

The characteristics of photoinitiators

The ideal photoinitiator should have the following advantages:

1. Cheap and easy tosynthesize;
2. Photoinitiator and its photolysis products should be non-toxic andtasteless;
3. Good stability, easy to store for a longtime;
4. The absorption spectrum of the photoinitiator must match the emission band of the radiation source and have a high molar extinctioncoefficient;
5. Because most of the photoinitiator molecules absorb light energy and then jump to theexcitation

singlet state, the intersystem channeling jumps to the excitation three-line state, so the intersystem channeling jump efficiency of the initiator is high.

6. High initiation

Common photoinitiators and their characteristics

 

1.907(2-methyl-1 -(4-methylmercapto phenyl) -2-merlin-1-acetone),a light beige solid, has a fast curing Studies show that at 313nm wavelength, the molar extinction coefficient of 907 is 2 orders of magnitude larger than that of 1173, and the number of active free radicals generated is much larger, so the initiation efficiency is very high. As the photolysis product of

907 is a sulfur-containing compound, that is, p-methylmercapto benzaldehyde, which has an obvious odor and poor yellow ing resistance, it cannot be used in transparent photocuring adhesives and its application is limited.

2. 1173(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylacetone), colorless transparent liquid and 184(1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl benophenone), white solid, these two photoinitiators are currently the most widely used in the domestic light curing industry of the initiator, with its exce llent photoinduced performance, excellent thermal stability and other comprehensive balance performance and widely popular.There is no -H in the benzophenone group in the molecular of the two initiators, and they have good thermal stability. There is no substituted benzyl group structure during photolysis, and they have good yellowing resistance. Both of them are initiators

with moderate curing rate.The fly in the ointment is that benzaldehyde in 1173 photolysis products has bad odor and high volatility, benzaldehyde and cyclohexanone in 184 photolysis products have bad odor, and the two initiators are seriously affected by the oxygen in the air, poor surface dryness, the use of alone is limited.

3. TPO(2,4,6-(trimethylbenzoyl) diphenyl phosphine oxide), a beige solid, has a wide absorption range, with an effective absorption peak of 350-400nm, up to about 420nm, and its absorption peak is longer than that of conventional initiator. Two free radicals, 2,4,6 monomethylbenzoyl and phosphonyl, can be generated by light, which can trigger polymerization, so the photocuring speed is faster. Meanwhile, it also has the photobleaching effect, which is suitable for deep curing of thick film and the coating does not change yellow, and has the characteristics of low volatilization.

 

4.BP(benzophenone)white crystal, hydrogen capture initiator, because of its low cost, so it is widely However, the photoinitiator activity is poor and the yellowing is poor when used in large quantities, so it is often used with cracking photoinitiator.At the same time, BP also has the function of anti-oxygen and anti-accumulation, and the surface anti-oxygen effect is better.

5. EDAB (4-dimethylamino-ethyl benzoate), white solid and ITx(isopropyl thio-allione), yellow solid, generally mixed, high activity, but because of their yellow, affect the transmittance.

 

6.819: Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphineoxide, English name: phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) Phosphineoxide, molecular formula: C26H27O3P, molecular weight:46,

CAS No. : 162881-26-7, appearance: yellow powder, density: 1.19g/cm3, melting point: 127 ~ 131℃, boiling point: ≥168℃. The 819 photoinitiator has the widest absorption wavelength among these photoinitiators, which is even wider than TPO.

The initiation efficiency is also very high. After dissolution in the system, there will be a relatively liters of yellow, and the color will basically disappear after single curing.

Photoinitiator Introduce

Photoinitiators, also known as photosensitizers or photocuring agents, are a type of energy that can absorb a certain wavelength in the ultraviolet region (250-420nm) or visible light region (400-800nm) to generate free radicals, cations, etc., thereby initiating monomers. Polymeric cross-linked cured compounds. The initiator molecule has a certain ability to absorb light in the ultraviolet region (250~400 nm) or visible light region (400~800 nm). After directly or indirectly absorbing light energy, the initiator molecule transitions from the ground state to the excited singlet state, and the intersystem Jump to the excited triplet state; after the excited singlet state or triplet state undergoes unimolecular or bimolecular chemical action, active fragments that can initiate the polymerization of monomers are generated, and these active fragments can be free radicals, cations, anions, etc. According to different initiation mechanisms, photoinitiators can be divided into free radical polymerization photoinitiators and cationic photoinitiators, among which free radical polymerization photoinitiators are the most widely used.

Overview

In the light-curing system, including UV glue, UV coating, UV ink, etc., after receiving or absorbing external energy, it undergoes a chemical change and decomposes into free radicals or cations, thereby triggering a polymerization reaction.

All substances that can generate free radicals and further initiate polymerization by light are collectively referred to as photoinitiators. After some monomers are illuminated, they absorb photons to form an excited state M*: M+hv→M*; the excited active molecules undergo homolysis to generate free radicals: M*→R + R′, which in turn initiates monomer polymerization, generate macromolecules.

Radiation curing technology is a new energy-saving and environmentally friendly new technology. Ultraviolet light (UV) and electron beam (EB), infrared light, visible light, laser, chemical fluorescence and other radiation light curing are fully in line with the “5E” characteristics: Efficient (high efficiency), Enabling (practical), Economical (economical), Energy Saving (energy saving), Environmental Friendly (environmentally friendly), so it is known as “green technology”. Photoinitiator is one of the important components of photocurable adhesives, which plays a decisive role in curing rate. After the photoinitiator is irradiated by ultraviolet light, it absorbs the energy of the light and splits into two active free radicals, which triggers the chain polymerization of the photosensitive resin and the active diluent to cross-link and cure the adhesive. It is characterized by fast speed, environmental protection and energy saving.

Features

An ideal photoinitiator should have the following advantages:

(1) Cheap and simple to synthesize;

(2) The photoinitiator and its photolysis products should be non-toxic and tasteless;

(3) Good stability, easy to store for a long time;

(4) The absorption spectrum of the photoinitiator must match the emission band of the radiation light source, and has a high molar extinction coefficient;

(5) Since most photoinitiator molecules transition to the excited singlet state after absorbing the light energy, and then jump to the excited triplet state through the intersystem, therefore, the intersystem transition efficiency of the initiator is high;

(6) Higher initiation efficiency.

Develop

The development direction of photoinitiators focuses on hybrid, visible light, water-based, macromolecular, etc., as well as the use of dual curing methods to achieve icing on the cake.

1. Radical-cationic hybrid photoinitiator

The free radical R&D system cures quickly, but shrinks more. However, during cationic light curing, the volume shrinkage is small, the adhesion is strong, the curing process is not inhibited by oxygen, the reaction is not easy to terminate, and the “post-curing” ability is strong, which is suitable for light curing of thick films, but the curing speed is slow. Combining the advantages of the two, the free radical and the cationic photoinitiator are formulated into a hybrid system, which can not only generate cationic polymerization of free radical polymerization tourists, but also promote strengths and avoid weaknesses, and has a synergistic effect. Compatible use of two or more photoinitiators can achieve more satisfactory results.

2. Visible light initiator

Fluorinated diphenyl titanocene (Irgacure 784) and bis(pentafluorophenyl) titanocene have outstanding photoinitiated activity, storage stability, and low toxicity, and their absorption wavelengths have been extended to 500 nm, with larger absorption in the visible region. Absorbing, visible light-initiated polymerization curing of acrylates is particularly effective. Due to the photobleaching effect of titanocene light, the yellowing index of the film is small; and the deep curing is good, which is conducive to the complete curing of the thick film. Fluorinated diphenyltitanocene photoinitiator is active. In acrylate system, the photoinitiation efficiency of 0.2% dosage is 2~6 times higher than that of 2% Irgacure651.

3. Water-based photoinitiator (WSP)

An ammonium salt or a sulfonate functional group is introduced into the common photoinitiator to make it compatible with water to make a water-based photoinitiator. The main types are aromatic ketones, including benzophenone derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, alkyl aryl ketone derivatives, benzil derivatives, etc.

4. Macromolecular photoinitiator

The common photoinitiator is introduced into the macromolecular chain to become the macromolecular photoinitiator, which has good compatibility with the resin, does not migrate after curing, is not easy to volatilize, and reduces the odor. Macromolecular photoinitiators can be divided into four types: side chain cleavage type, main chain cleavage type, side chain hydrogen abstraction type and main chain hydrogen abstraction type. kind.

5. Double curing

That is, the combination of light curing and other curing methods complements each other and has outstanding advantages. It has low temperature rapid curing and excellent stability, which can avoid separation of uncured products and obtain cured products with excellent mechanical properties and dimensional stability. The development of a dual-curing system shared by light-curing and other curing methods is effective in overcoming the weaknesses of light-curing adhesives, expanding the scope of application and improving competitiveness. Other curing methods heat curing, moisture curing, oxidative curing, anaerobic curing, etc.

PEG Introduction

A mixture of ethylene oxide and water for ring-opening polymerization. The molecular formula is expressed as HO(CH2CH2O)nH, where n represents the average number of oxyvinyls.

PEG is colorless viscous liquid or white solid. Low toxicity! Soluble in water and many organic solvents, readily soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons. Polyethylene glycol is very stable, but it can interact with oxygen in the air at 120℃ or higher.

The properties vary according to the relative molecular mass, from colorless and odorless viscous liquid to waxy solid. The molecular weight of 200-600 is liquid at room temperature, and the molecular weight of 600 or more gradually becomes semi-solid. From colorless and odorless sticky liquid to waxy solid. As the molecular weight increases, its moisture absorption capacity decreases accordingly.

The main role of PEG

Product Application In addition to being used as an intermediate in the synthesis of surfactants, plasticizers and lubricants, PEG can also be used in many industrial fields.

Application field	molecular weight	Low	middle	high
Cosmetics and Toiletries		skin care base		Flour binder Enzymes for Detergents
textile		perforating agent	Dyeing improver	Antistatic agent
papermaking		softener	lubricant	softener
rubber		–	–	lubricant
resin		–	–	lubricant Plasticizer Antistatic agent
Metal		–	–	lubricant Raw material polymer for quenching
ceramics		–	adhesive
wood industry		Anti-cracking agent
Agricultural chemicals		–	–	Binders for Granule Preparation
Chemicals		Various product raw materials
other		heating medium desulfurizer refrigerant		heat storage agent

Types of PEG

 

Specification	Exterior（25℃）	Color Pt-Co	Hydroxyl value mgKOH/g	molecular weight	Freezing point ℃	moisture（%）	pH值 （1%aqueous solution）
PEG-200	Colorless transparent liquid	≤20	510~623	180~220	—	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-300	Colorless transparent liquid	≤20	340~416	270~330	—	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-400	Colorless transparent liquid	≤20	255~312	360~440	4～10	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-600	Colorless transparent liquid	≤20	170~208	540~660	20～25	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-800	Milky white paste	≤30	127~156	720~880	26～32	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-1000	Milky white paste	≤40	102~125	900~1100	38～41	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-1500	Milky white solid	≤40	68~83	1350~1650	43～46	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-2000	Milky white solid	≤50	51~63	1800~2200	48～50	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-3000	Milky white solid	≤50	34~42	2700~3300	51～53	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-4000	Milky white solid	≤50	26~32	3500~4400	53～54	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-6000	Milky white solid	≤50	17.5~20	5500~7000	54～60	≤1.0	5.0～7.0
PEG-8000	Milky white solid	≤50	12~16	7200~8800	60～63	≤1.0	5.0～7.0

 

PEG-200: humectant, viscosity modifier, etc.;

PEG-400, PEG-600, PEG-800: the matrix of medicine and cosmetics, in which PEG-600 can be added to the electrolyte in metal processing to enhance the gloss of the metal surface;

PEG-1000, PEG-1500: used as a base or lubricant in the fields of medicine, textile and cosmetics, softener ;

PEG-8000: Matrix in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, lubricants and coolants in rubber and metal processing, dispersants and emulsifiers in pesticide and pigment industries, antistatic agents and lubricants in textile industry, etc.

PEG types.

Polyethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG-6000),

Polyethylene Glycol 4000 (PEG-4000),

Polyethylene Glycol 600 (PEG-600),

Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG-400),

Polyethylene Glycol 200 (PEG-200)

Polyethylene Glycol 200 (PEG-200)

Properties and advantages of polyethylene glycol 200: non-toxic, non-irritating, good water solubility, good compatibility with many components.

Appearance (25℃): colorless and transparent liquid

Color(Pt-Co):≤20

Hydroxyl value (mgKOH/g): 510～623

Molecular weight: 180～220

Water content (%): ≤1.0

pH value (1% aqueous solution): 5.0～7.0

This product can be used as pharmaceutical. It can be used as solvent, co-solvent, o/w type emulsifier and stabilizer. It can be used as medium for organic synthesis and heat carrier with high requirements, as moisturizer, inorganic salt solubilizer and viscosity adjuster in daily chemical industry; as softener and antistatic agent in textile industry; as wetting agent in paper and pesticide industry. It can be used as the raw material of ester surfactant

【Package】

Packed in 1100kg square tank, 200kg plastic drum, 50kg plastic drum.

【Storage】

This product is non-toxic, non-flammable, stored and transported as general chemicals. Store in dry and ventilated place. Shelf life two years.

Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400)

Appearance (25℃): colorless and transparent liquid

Color(Pt-Co): ≤20

Hydroxyl value (mgKOH/g): 255～312

Molecular weight：360～440

Freezing point (℃): 4～10

Water content (%): ≤1.0

pH value (1% aqueous solution): 5.0～7.0

Property:This product is a colorless or almost colorless viscous liquid; slightly special odor. Solubility:This product is soluble in water or ethanol, insoluble in ether. Movement viscosity at 40℃ (capillary inner diameter is 0.8mm), should be 37~45mm<2>/s. Need to be sealed and stored.

Role in bioengineering:Used as an intermediate inducer of plant cell fusion. This product can be used in pharmaceuticals. It can be used as solvent, co-solvent, o/w type emulsifier and stabilizer. It can be used as a base for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, lubricant and wetting agent for rubber industry and textile industry. It is used to make cement suspension, emulsion, injection, etc. It is also used as water-soluble ointment base and suppository base. It can be used as the raw material of ester type surfactant.

【Package】

Packed in 1100kg square tank, 200kg iron drum, 50kg plastic drum.

【Storage】

This product is non-toxic, non-flammable, stored and transported as general chemicals. Store in dry and ventilated place. Shelf life is two years.

Polyethylene Glycol 600 (PEG-600)

Polyethylene glycol 600 is a colorless or almost colorless viscous liquid, or a translucent waxy soft substance with a slight characteristic odor. It is easily soluble in water or ethanol, but insoluble in ether. It is similar to polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400).

In biochemical experiments, it has various uses, including.

1) After activation, it can bind peptides or proteins and be used to precipitate proteins.

2) As a fusion agent to enhance the formation of macrophage hybridomas.

3) Isolation and purification of biological macromolecules.

4) Inducing cell hybridization, etc.

Polyethylene Glycol 4000 (PEG-4000)

Appearance (25℃): milky white solids

Color（Pt-Co）：≤50

Hydroxyl value (mgKOH/g): 26～32

Molecular weight: 3600～4400

Freezing point (℃): 53～54

Water content (%): ≤1.0

pH value (1% aqueous solution): 5.0～7.0

This product can be used in pharmaceuticals. It is used as a substrate in the production of pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, playing the role of regulating viscosity and melting point; used as a finishing agent in the paper industry to increase the gloss and smoothness of paper; used as an additive in the rubber industry to increase the lubricity and plasticity of rubber products, reduce the power consumption during processing and prolong the service life of rubber products; used as a lubricant and coolant in the metal processing industry, and used as a dispersant and emulsifier in the production of pesticides and pigments It is used as dispersant and emulsifier in the production of pesticide and pigment industry; used as antistatic agent and lubricant in the textile industry.

【Package】

25kg kraft paper bag, 20kg woven bag.

【Storage】

This product is non-toxic, non-flammable, stored and transported as general chemicals. Store in dry and ventilated place.

Shelf life: 2 years

 

Polyethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG-6000)

On the one hand, PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (e.g. yeast) to take in DNA during transformation, as they can absorb water from the solution. PEG is used to concentrate solutions. PEG is a white, waxy, solid flake or granular powder; slightly odorous. The product is soluble in water or ethanol, but insoluble in ether.

The development trend of PEG

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the polymer with the lowest level of absorption by proteins and cells among the known polymers so far. It is non-toxic, harmless and non-irritating to the human body, and has good biocompatibility. It was originally used in ointments and suppositories. , drop pills, hard capsules, eye drops, injections and tablets and other pharmaceuticals have been used.

Since the 1990s, new PEG-modified drug R&D projects have emerged, and it has gradually become a new option in the development of new drug formulations. The application of PEGylation technology has expanded from the modification of macromolecular protein drugs to the modified drug delivery of small molecules, and to mRNA vaccines, spanning many fields such as peptides, proteins, enzymes, small molecules, and RNA.

Materials with a molecular weight of less than 20,000 g/mol are called PEG and have a wide range of downstream applications. They are commonly used in biomedical research such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioconjugation and surface functionalization. They are the world’s most advanced pharmaceutical molecule modification and drug delivery technology . When coupled to the surface of a drug molecule, it can change the solubility of the drug molecule, form a spatial barrier to reduce enzymatic hydrolysis, and has outstanding advantages such as attenuating toxicity, reducing immunogenicity, prolonging half-life, changing tissue distribution and increasing the concentration of the target site. Long-term mainstream solutions.

PEG is non-toxic and has been approved by FDA and other institutions. With the change of molecular weight, the properties of the products are also quite different. At present, polyethylene glycol can be divided into PEG200-PEG8000, of which the molecular weight of 200-600 is at room temperature. The product form is liquid, and as the molecular weight increases, the product form tends to be semi-solid. According to the difference of purity, it can be divided into several series such as pharmaceutical grade, cosmetic grade, food grade and industrial grade, which are used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic preparations.

 

 

Application of tartaric acid:

Tartaric acid has three different structures

It serves us like a magician who changes incarnations

Create infinite wonderful for our life

The starting material for the biosynthesis of L(+)-tartaric acid is the same as that of DL-malic acid, so the biosynthesis of L(+)-tartaric acid, like DL-malic acid, has been purchased and used by most large international food companies and is widely used in the following areas.

 

1. Wine acidifier

L(+)-tartaric acid is known as the gem in red wine and is the most important acid-adjusting agent in wine; in addition, L(+)-tartaric acid is also the only organic acid that is not absorbed by the human body, so it is used in in premium drinks

 

2. Drug splitting agent

L(+)-tartaric acid is the most important resolving agent for chemical resolution in the synthesis of chiral compounds; it is also a salt-forming agent for some drugs

 

3. Food emulsifier

L(+)-tartaric acid is the main raw material of food emulsifier DATEM. Emulsifier DATEM has strong emulsifying, dispersing and anti-aging effects, and is a good food emulsifier and dispersant. It can effectively enhance the elasticity, toughness and air retention of the dough, prevent the dough from aging, increase the volume of bread and steamed bread, and improve the dough structure. In addition, DATEM is also widely used in butter, non-dairy creamer, ice cream and other foods

 

4. Gypsum retarder

L(+)-tartaric acid is the most important retarder in building materials gypsum, and it is also the best retarder among gypsum retarders so far; in addition, it can also be used as a cement retarder, especially for self-flowing retarder for flat cement

 

5. Cosmetic raw materials

L(+)-tartaric acid is also used as a slimming tea and cosmetic ingredient

 

6. Metal polish

L(+)-tartaric acid is a strong complexing agent for metal ions, so it is used as a cleaning agent and polishing agent for metal surfaces

Tartaric acid series products:

The development history of tartaric acid:

Tartaric acid was first discovered in 1769 by the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheler.

Presence and preparation

L-Tartaric acid is a natural product that is widely found in fruits, especially grapes. It is the cheapest photoactive tartaric acid and is often referred to as “natural tartaric acid”. Industrially, the source of L-tartaric acid is still a natural product. L-tartaric acid can be obtained by acidification of tartar, a by-product of wine brewing. Italy is the world’s largest producer of L-tartaric acid, which is not unrelated to the scale of the country’s winemaking.

D-Tartaric acid is rare in natural products, but is present in relatively high amounts in a plant of Mali, West Africa

Crab shells are rich in a natural resource, namely chitosan.

Chitosan (chitosan), also known as deacetylated chitin, polyglucosamine, soluble chitin, is a biological macromolecule with molecular weight of 120,000~590,000 transformed from chitin by deacetylation reaction, which has various physiological functions such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, lipid lowering and immune enhancement.

Since Braconot described chitin in 1811, the development history of chitin and chitosan has been more than 100 years.

 

Structural characteristics

Chemical name: β-(1→4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

Molecular formula: (C6H11NO4)n

Molecular weight of the monomer: 161.2

Glucosamine is the basic component unit of chitosan, chitosan is the sugar unit of the basic structure of chitosan, and the end product obtained by natural degradation of chitosan using chitosanase is chitosan.

Physical properties.

The solubility of chitosan is related to the degree of deacetylation, relative molecular mass and viscosity, the higher the degree of deacetylation, the smaller the relative molecular mass and the more soluble in water; the lower the degree of deacetylation, the larger the relative molecular mass and the greater the viscosity. Chitosan has good adsorption, film-forming, permeability, fibrillation, hygroscopicity and moisturizing properties. Deacetylation degree and viscosity (average relative molecular mass) are the two main performance indicators of chitosan.

An important index affecting the performance of chitosan – degree of deacetylation

Degree of deacetylation (DD) is the ratio of the number of deacetylated glucosamine units to the total number of glucosamine units, and it is one of the most basic structural parameters for investigating chitosan/chitosan. The degree of deacetylation has a significant effect on the solubility, viscosity, ion exchange capacity and flocculation properties of chitosan. Usually, chitosan with more than 55% N acetyl removed can be soluble in 1% acetic acid or hydrochloric acid and is called chitosan, but chitosan with deacetylation degree above 70% can only be used as a useful industrial product.

Chitosan with deacetylation degree of 55%-70%, 70%-85%, 85%-95%, 95% -100% are called low deacetylated chitosan, medium deacetylated chitosan, high deacetylated chitosan and ultra high deacetylated chitosan respectively, and it is extremely difficult to prepare chitosan with 100% deacetylation degree.

Application Direction

1.Food industry.

As immobilized enzyme carrier

Microcrystalline chitosan, chitosan acetate solution is sprayed into the alkali solution for solidification, and chitosan micro-particles are obtained by separation and regeneration, which can be used as the carrier of immobilized enzymes, and the enzymes immobilized by chitosan can be used in sugar production, wine making, vinegar making, protein hydrolysis and other biological preparation projects.

Used as food additive

Microcrystalline chitosan as food thickener and stabilizer can be used in the production of condiments such as mayonnaise, peanut butter, sesame paste, canned corn paste, cream substitute, etc. Usually, vinegar often produces precipitation after long storage, which is mainly due to the formation of macromolecular complexes between metal ions and tannins and other phenolic acids. The vinegar treated with chitin and chitosan has not precipitated even after one year of storage. When producing soy sauce, adding appropriate amount of chitosan can remove protein and prevent precipitation. Adding a small amount of chitosan in soy sauce can appropriately reduce the amount of salt added and the product will not deteriorate in long-term storage.

Used as food packaging film

Chitosan, starch and water are mixed evenly to make film, and then treated with alkali after drying, it can be made into chitosan-starch synthetic food packaging film, which is non-toxic, edible, oil resistant, insoluble in cold and hot water, high tensile strength, and can be used for packaging solid, semi-solid and liquid food, the film can automatically biodegrade, so there is no white environmental pollution.

Used in food preservation and preserving

Chitosan can be used in vegetable preservation, meat preservation, seafood preservation, starch, soybean products preservation and egg, milk and soybean products preservation.

2.Daily use chemicals.

Chitosan is non-toxic, tasteless and has antibacterial effect. It can be added into cosmetics to improve the film-forming property of products, with antibacterial and moisturizing functions, and does not cause any allergic irritation. Various shampoo and hair care products made with chitosan have the effect of easy combing, hair fluffiness, fullness and bright hair color. It is more effective for thin hair that is prone to breakage and split ends.

In Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries and regions have hundreds of daily cosmetics containing chitosan for sale.

3.Pharmaceutical industry.

National Pharmacopoeia (Part IV) stipulates that chitosan is used as pharmaceutical excipients, disintegrants, thickeners, etc.

Carrier material

Using chitosan as drug carrier can stabilize the ingredients in the drug, promote drug absorption, delay or control the dissolution rate of the drug, help the drug reach the target organ, and anti-acid, anti-ulcer, and prevent the drug from irritating the stomach.

Film-forming materials

Chitosan can be used as film-forming materials for film agents, preparation of oral film agents, Chinese medicine film agents, etc.. The size of its relative molecular weight has a prominent impact on the film-forming properties and membrane properties, usually the lower the molecular weight, the lower the tensile strength of the membrane, the stronger the permeability. Suitable cross-linking agents can be selected to improve the strength of the membrane and change the barrier properties of the membrane.

Thickening agent

When chitosan is used as thickening agent, the solution viscosity increases with increasing concentration; when the concentration is high, the viscosity of the concentrated solution shows thixotropy. When the temperature increases, its viscosity decreases, and the law is consistent with the general flow law of concentrated solutions of polymers.

Targeted formulation materials chitosan and its derivatives can be used as targeted formulation materials.

Its structural units contain hydroxyl, amino and other functional groups, which can be used to connect extracellular or intracellular targeting ligands, thus building targeted drug carriers for targeted drug delivery therapy. There are many targeted formulation dosage forms using chitosan as carrier material, mainly nanoparticles and microspheres.

Other applications

Chitosan can be used as a filler and flavoring agent for tablets. Chitosan has good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and the degradation products can be absorbed by human body, do not accumulate in the body, no immunogenicity, and can be made into absorbable surgical sutures.

Sodium Chlorite:

Liquid sodium chlorite is a white or slightly yellow-green aqueous solution, alkaline and slightly hygroscopic. Soluble in water and alcohol. Sodium chlorite is relatively stable at room temperature and under normal storage conditions, and is easily decomposed to release chlorine dioxide gas in the presence of acid. It is easy to explode or burn when it is in contact with, impacted or rubbed with sawdust, organic matter and reducing substances, and it is toxic! The solid sodium chlorite is white crystal or crystalline powder. Slightly hygroscopic. soluble in water. Sodium chlorite generally has two properties: solid and liquid. Liquid sodium chlorite is a dangerous chemical that will explode violently when it encounters acids, acidic substances and reducing substances.

Principle:

Sodium chlorite is a milder oxidant, which usually does not cause serious damage to fibers, and its impurity removal effect is better than that of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide, especially its ability to remove cotton husks is particularly significant. It can be used for bleaching of cotton, synthetic fiber and blended fabrics (not suitable for the bleaching of protein fibers). Currently, it is mostly used for bleaching of polyester-cotton blended fabrics.

Appearance and Shape:

The appearance of solid sodium chlorite is white crystalline powder or granules; liquid sodium chlorite is white or slightly yellow-green aqueous solution, alkaline and slightly hygroscopic. Soluble in water and alcohol.

Content and performance specifications:

Test items	25% sodium chlorite	31% Sodium Chlorite	80% Sodium Chlorite
Appearance shape	yellow-green solution	yellow-green solution	White crystalline powder or granular
Sodium chlorite (NaCLO2) ≥	25.0	31.0	80.0
Sodium Chlorate (NaCLO3)≤	0.8	0.6	1.2
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)≤	0.4	0.3	0.8
Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)≤	0.1	0.1	0.8
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)≤	0.4	0.4	0.6
Sodium chloride (NaCl)≤	2.0	1.5	15.6
Arsenic (As)	3ppm	3ppm	3ppm

Production Method:

Industrial production has hydrogen peroxide method and electrolysis method.

In the hydrogen peroxide method, the sodium chlorate is first dissolved in water into a solution containing 250g/L of sodium chlorate, then a chlorine dioxide generator is added, and the sulfuric acid is adjusted to 4mol/LH2SO4. The sulfur dioxide and air mixed gas and 4mol/LH2S04 were added to the chlorine dioxide generator for reaction, and the generated chlorine dioxide gas was passed into 3 series-connected bubbling absorption towers, mixed with 27.5% hydrogen peroxide, 18%～20% The liquid caustic soda is reacted, and the resulting solution contains NaClO2140～160g/L. After precipitation, the clear liquid is the liquid sodium chlorite product. It is then concentrated by evaporation to a concentration of sodium chlorite solution of 350-400 g/L, crystallized by cooling, filtered and dried to obtain a finished product of solid sodium chlorite.

Electrolysis method In a three-chamber electrolytic cell separated by a cation exchange membrane, chlorine dioxide gas (with a content of about 15%, and the molar ratio of ClO2:Cl2 not less than 15:1) is passed into the cathode chamber, dissolved in the solution, in the Chlorite is obtained from the cathode at about 30°C, and sodium chloride solution is continuously introduced into the anode chamber, and the chloride ion releases electrons and becomes chlorine gas. Under the action of a DC electric field, sodium ions pass through the anode membrane and enter the cathode chamber to combine with chlorite to form sodium chlorite. The content of the solution is 17% to 23%. After removing the trace amount of chlorine dichloride, the finished product is obtained by spray drying.

Sodium chlorite transportation precautions:

Sodium chlorite belongs to category 5.1 of hazardous chemicals, UN NO:1496. It should not be mixed with acid and reducing substances during transportation; it should be stored in a cool and dry place, away from fire and heat sources, and should not be mixed with acids and reducing substances. In case of fire, water, sand and dry powder fire extinguishers can be used to put out the fire. Sodium chlorite dust is irritating to the respirator tube, eyes and skin. If its solution accidentally splashes on the eyes or skin, it should be rinsed with clean water immediately. After vomiting, he was sent to hospital for treatment, and the lethal dose was 10 grams. The World Health Organization has sorted sodium chlorite into three types of carcinogens. Sodium chlorite has certain toxicity, and the poisoning methods are inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. The solution of sodium chlorite and acid will emit strong corrosive and irritating gas, and its solution has a strong stimulating effect on human skin. Sodium chlorite liquid is flammable and explosive, so attention should be paid to transportation and storage. Sodium chlorite is widely used, but should be used with caution.

Sodium Chlorite Uses:

1. It is used for bleaching of pulp, fiber, flour, starch, oil, etc., drinking water purification and sewage treatment, leather hair removal and preparation of chlorine dioxide aqueous solution, etc.
2. Used as bleaching agent, decolorizing agent, detoxifying agent, dye discharging agent, etc.
3. It is used for drinking water purification without residual chlorine odor, and the sewage treatment has the functions of sterilization, phenol removal and deodorization. This product is also a high-efficiency bleaching agent, which is used to bleach fabrics, fibers and pulp, and has the characteristics of less damage to fibers.
4. It is a high-efficiency bleaching agent and an oxidizing agent. Mainly used for pulp, paper and various fibers, such as cotton, hemp, reed. Bleaching of viscose fibers, etc., can also bleach sugar, flour, starch, grease and wax. It is also used for leather depilation, surface treatment of certain metals, drinking water purification and sewage treatment. It can be used as a dye discharge agent for indanthrene dyeing.
5. Used as a bleaching agent in the food industry.
6. It is a new type of high-efficiency bleaching agent and oxidizing bactericide.
7. Sodium chlorite is an efficient bleaching agent and oxidizing agent. For the bleaching of pulp and various fibers, such as cotton, hemp, mulberry, reed, viscose, etc. It can also bleach sugar, flour, starch Chemicalbook, ointment, wax and grease. It is also used for leather depilation, surface treatment of certain metals, drinking water purification and sewage treatment, etc. It can also be used to purify trace amounts of nitric oxide in coke oven gas.

Synopsis

Anionic surfactants are called anionic surfactants after ionization in water, and they have the longest history of development, the largest production volume and the largest variety of products among surfactants.

Characteristics

It is usually insoluble at low temperatures, and if the concentration of the solution continues to increase, it will reach a certain limit value and then precipitate out the hydrated active agent.

If the temperature of water is raised, the solubility increases rapidly at a certain temperature due to the dissolution of micelles, which is called the point of abrupt change.

This property is unique to ionic surfactants.

Category

Soap, alkyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl sulfonate salt, alkyl sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, fluorinated fatty acid salt, polysiloxane, fatty alcohol sulfate, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, α-alkenyl sulfonate, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, alkyl alcohol amide, alkyl sulfonate acetamide, alkyl succinate sulfonate, alkyl amine alkyl benzene sulfonate, naphthenic acid salt, alkyl phenol sulfonate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, etc.

Use

1.The full name is anionic polyacrylamide, which is a water-soluble polymer, mainly used in industrial wastewater flocculation, as well as sedimentation and clarification, as well as metallurgical wastewater, sewage treatment, etc. It can also be used for drinking water clarification and purification treatment.

The main advantage of this anionic surfactant is that the water solubility is very good, even in cold water can be dissolved, and the use of a small amount can play a great effect, the use of this substance can also use other inorganic flocculants, there will be greater effect.

2.Fatty acid salts.

This was the first anionic surfactant to be developed and is also the more important detergent and now a very important variety of skin cleanser. This anionic surfactant generally has the ability of wetting, foaming and stain removal, so it is widely used in washing. And with this substance to wash some protein-based fiber products, after cleaning more luster, good elasticity, and more soft.

3.These anionic surfactants, which mainly produce anionic sulfonates after ionization in water, mainly include alkyl benzene sulfonates, alpha olefin sulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, etc.

Among them, alkyl benzene sulfonate is a yellow oily liquid, which is an important anionic surfactant in the table, and is an important component of Chinese synthetic detergents. The main advantage of this anionic surfactant is that it has very good detergency, and has good foaming, good foam stability, and relatively stable chemical properties, and it is important that the cost is relatively low and the sources are widely available, so it is more widely used in civil and industrial cleaning machine is more widely used.

Development Trends

Humans obtained substances for washing and decontamination from natural plants such as saponin (which contains saponin) and grass ash as early as B.C. Later, primitive forms of soap emerged, which were the first anionic active agents used.

The world’s first synthetic detergent was created in Germany in World War I. It was called “Nehel” and contained short-chain alkyl naphthalene sulfonates. By 1984, the total production of surfactants in the world had reached 14 million tons/year, with tens of thousands of varieties, analyzed from various research developments.

The future trends are generally:

(1)from a single function to multi-functional development

(2)From generality to specialization

(3)Adopting multiple compounding of active substances

(4)Emphasis on the “green” mark and “moderate” development direction

(5)Study of phosphorus substitution in inorganic additives

(6)Organic additives to polymer electrolyte-based organic actives

(7)Biological additives using mixed enzymes

(8)Development of special surfactants containing F-Si, etc.

Ethyl oleate (English name Ethyl Oleate), also known as cis-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (cis-9-Octadecenoic acid, ethyl ester), 9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester ester), colorless oily liquid, flammable, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents. It is mainly used in the preparation of lubricants, water repellants, resin toughening agents, surfactants, pharmaceutical excipients, plasticizers and ointment bases and other organic chemicals, and also used as fragrances.

Ethyl oleate is a fatty acid ester formed by the condensation of oleic acid and ethanol. Ethyl oleate is a liquid lipid component in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). NLC is an orally available delivery vehicle for trans-ferulic acid (TFA).

The main function of ethyl oleate:

1. Used as lubricant, water repellant and resin toughening agent.
2. It is used in the preparation of surfactants and other organic chemicals, and also used as fragrances, pharmaceutical excipients, plasticizers and ointment bases, etc. Use lubricants.
3. Water repellent. Resin toughening agent. Gas chromatography stationary solution (maximum operating temperature is 120°C, solvent is methanol and diethyl ether). Uses Used as a gas chromatography stationary liquid, solvent, lubricant and toughening agent for resins

Special talk about the application in medicine

1. Ethyl oleate is mainly used as a vehicle for some intramuscular injections, as well as for subdermally implanted biodegradable microcapsules and cyclosporine microemulsions.
2. Ethyl oleate is a suitable solvent for steroids and other lipophilic drugs, and its properties are similar to almond oil and peanut oil. However, compared to fatty oils, ethyl oleate is less viscous and readily absorbed by body tissues. Therefore, it is often used in the manufacture of injections, liniments, ointments and pharmaceutical intermediates.
3. Ethyl oleate can also be used as a solvent for subcutaneous injection drugs.

Nowadays, ethyl oleate raw materials are abundant, but ordinary raw material manufacturers usually do not have the production and packaging conditions for medicinal products, and dust, particles and other impurities are easily mixed in the preparation process, resulting in raw materials that cannot meet the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia. Raw material manufacturers are scarce and products are scarce, which makes it difficult to meet the pharmaceutical industry’s demand for pharmaceutical-grade ethyl oleate.

Common reactions of ethyl oleate

(1) Hydrolysis reaction: ethyl oleate undergoes hydrolysis reaction in the presence of an acid catalyst to generate a reaction equilibrium mixture of oleic acid, ethanol, water ethyl oleate, and the like. When a base is used as a catalyst, the product is oleate, and the reaction is irreversible, also known as saponification. In addition, high-pressure steam hydrolysis can also be performed at high temperature of 185~300 °C to generate oleic acid and methanol.

(2) Ammonolysis, alcoholysis and transesterification: ethyl oleate reacts with ammonia to generate oleic acid amide and ethanol, and reacts with other fatty alcohols other than ethanol to generate new oleate and ethanol. Ethyl oleate reacts with another ester and the ester groups are exchanged to form a new oleate and carboxylate. The above reaction has catalysts such as acid and alkali, which can speed up the reaction.

The production method of ethyl oleate:

It is obtained by esterification of ethanol and oleic acid. Mix oleic acid and ethanol, add catalyst concentrated sulfuric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid, and heat to reflux. Cooled, neutralized with alkali to pH 8-9, washed with water until neutral, dried over anhydrous calcium chloride, distilled under reduced pressure, and obtained by intercepting ethyl oleate fraction. Mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15-SO3 can also be used as a catalyst, the molar ratio of methanol and oleic acid is excessive, heating, refluxing at a temperature of 130 ° C for 4 hours, cooling, filtration, distillation, and intercepting the ethyl oleate fraction to obtain ethyl oleate.

Ethyl oleate can also be obtained by transesterification of another oleate with ethanol

Storage conditions

Iron drum or glass bottle packaging. It should be stored in a cool, ventilated warehouse, away from fire and heat sources. Storage temperature -20ºC

Stability

1. Prohibit contact with air, light and oxidants. Avoid eye and skin contact.
2. Exist in flue-cured tobacco leaves.
3. Naturally present in cocoa, buckwheat, certain fruits and alcohol.